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This image shows nine candidate landing regions for NASA’s Artemis III mission, with each region containing multiple potential sites for the first crewed landing on the Moon in more than 50 years. The background image of the lunar South Pole terrain within the nine regions is a mosaic of LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) WAC (Wide Angle Camera) images.Credit: NASA

As NASA prepares for the first crewed Moon landing in more than five decades, the agency has identified an updated set of nine potential landing regions near the lunar South Pole for its Artemis III mission. These areas will be further investigated through scientific and engineering study. NASA will continue to survey potential areas for missions following Artemis III, including areas beyond these nine regions.

“Artemis will return humanity to the Moon and visit unexplored areas. NASA’s selection of these regions shows our commitment to landing crew safely near the lunar South Pole, where they will help uncover new scientific discoveries and learn to live on the lunar surface,” said Lakiesha Hawkins, assistant deputy associate administrator, Moon to Mars Program Office.

NASA’s Cross Agency Site Selection Analysis team, working closely with science and industry partners, added, and excluded potential landing regions, which were assessed for their science value and mission availability.

The refined candidate Artemis III lunar landing regions are, in no priority order:

• Peak near Cabeus B
• Haworth
• Malapert Massif
• Mons Mouton Plateau
• Mons Mouton
• Nobile Rim 1
• Nobile Rim 2
• de Gerlache Rim 2
• Slater Plain

These regions contain diverse geological characteristics and offer flexibility for mission availability. The lunar South Pole has never been explored by a crewed mission and contains permanently shadowed areas that can preserve resources, including water.

“The Moon’s South Pole is a completely different environment than where we landed during the Apollo missions,” said Sarah Noble, Artemis lunar science lead at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “It offers access to some of the Moon’s oldest terrain, as well as cold, shadowed regions that may contain water and other compounds. Any of these landing regions will enable us to do amazing science and make new discoveries.”

To select these landing regions, a multidisciplinary team of scientists and engineers analyzed the lunar South Pole region using data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and a vast body of lunar science research. Factors in the selection process included science potential, launch window availability, terrain suitability, communication capabilities with Earth, and lighting conditions. Additionally, the team assessed the combined trajectory capabilities of NASA’s SLS (Space Launch System) rocket, the Orion spacecraft, and Starship HLS (Human Landing System) to ensure safe and accessible landing sites.

The Artemis III geology team evaluated the landing regions for their scientific promise. Sites within each of the nine identified regions have the potential to provide key new insights into our understanding of rocky planets, lunar resources, and the history of our solar system.

“Artemis III will be the first time that astronauts will land in the south polar region of the Moon. They will be flying on a new lander into a terrain that is unique from our past Apollo experience,” said Jacob Bleacher, NASA’s chief exploration scientist. “Finding the right locations for this historic moment begins with identifying safe places for this first landing, and then trying to match that with opportunities for science from this new place on the Moon.”

NASA’s site assessment team will engage the lunar science community through conferences and workshops to gather data, build geologic maps, and assess the regional geology of eventual landing sites. The team also will continue surveying the entire lunar South Pole region for science value and mission availability for future Artemis missions. This will include planning for expanded science opportunities during Artemis IV, and suitability for the LTV (Lunar Terrain Vehicle) as part of Artemis V.

The agency will select sites within regions for Artemis III after it identifies the mission’s target launch dates, which dictate transfer trajectories, or orbital paths, and surface environment conditions.

Under NASA’s Artemis campaign, the agency will establish the foundation for long-term scientific exploration at the Moon, land the first woman, first person of color, and its first international partner astronaut on the lunar surface, and prepare for human expeditions to Mars for the benefit of all.

For more information on Artemis, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis

-end-

James Gannon / Molly Wasser
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
james.h.gannon@nasa.gov / molly.l.wasser@nasa.gov

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Details Last Updated Oct 28, 2024 EditorJessica TaveauLocationNASA Headquarters Related Terms

• Artemis
• Artemis 3
• Earth's Moon
• Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate
• Human Landing System Program
• Humans in Space
• Space Launch System (SLS)

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This idea really is quite a fascinating one. Currently a trip to Mars would require large amounts of air, water and other resources to sustain human life but would also expose travellers to harmful levels of radiation. A wonderful solution has been proposed in a new paper recently published by researchers from Ukraine. They propose that asteroids which already travel relatively close by Earth, Mars and even Venus already could be used to hop between the planets. They are already making the journey anyway and so perhaps the cosmos already provides the solution to interplanetary travel. 

After a return to the Moon, the red planet Mars is next on the list for human exploration. On average it is 225 million km away so a round trip would require astronauts to be away from home for about 3 years! Spending this length of time in space raises a number of serious health risks many of which are caused by prolonged exposure to radiation and microgravity. Over time, muscles and bone density will decline so that the skeletal part of the body will no longer bear enough weight to sustain a return to Earth’s gravity. The cardiovascular system would adjust to microgravity too making heart issues likely upon return. There would be an increased risk of cancer and damage to the nervous system as a result of the prolonged exposure to radiation. The list goes on! 

Mars, Credit NASA

The paper recently authored by A. S. Kasianchuk and V.M. Reshetnyk from the National University of Kyiv in Ukraine they report upon their analysis of the orbit of more than 35,000 near-Earth asteroids. They have been looking for the possibility of successive approaches to all pairs of planets Earth – Venus and Earth – Mars within a time range of 2020 to 2120. If successive passes exist then why not, the team suggest, use the asteroids as interplanetary busses to provide a fast transfer between the planets, possibly even as fast as 180 days. 120 candidates were discovered for Earth-Mars, Earth-Venus, Mars-Earth, Venus-Earth, and even Mars-Venus and Venus-Mars!

Image of Venus taken by NASA’s Pioneer-Venus Orbiter in 1979. (Credit: NASA)

It is a tantalising prospect that instead of mounting a massive rocket based mission to get to Mars or even Venus, that the use of Near Earth Objects (NEO) might provide a natural solution. They would certainly provide a fast transfer between planets but would still require some form of technological solution to radiation protection. The quicker the journey, the lower the risk from radiation so careful selection is an important part of the process. 

The team have produced quite an extensive list of potentials NEO’s for transfers between the inner planets but as new NEO’s are discovered the list will grow. The work provides a snapshot in time of the possible candidates but it requires on going work to keep the list up to date as more asteroids are discovered and orbital elements are refined. NASA’s NEO Surveyor mission has been set the challenge to find more than 90% of all  NEO’s larger than 140 metres in diameter. This will certainly provide a useful resource to the study.

An artist’s conception of an NEO asteroid orbiting the Sun. Credit: NASA/JPL.

Among the asteroids identified, size and proximity to the target planet needs to be considered. Analysis of the overall mission needs to be carefully worked too. If a spacecraft stays in open space for a longer period of time than inside a NEW for example, the effectiveness of the approach must be carefully weighed up. 

It’s an interesting proposition though. With appropriate technological solutions, a carefully selected asteroid can serve not only as a fuel station but also, if shelter is taken beneath the surface for example in caves, could offer radiation protection too. There are significant challenges ahead before this all becomes a reality but with the ever increasing drive to reduce the cost and ecological impact of space flight it is one that most definitely needs further careful analysis. 

Source : The search for NEOs as potential candidates for use in space missions to Venus and Mars

The post Astronauts Could Take an Asteroid Ferry from Earth to Mars appeared first on Universe Today.

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Vega lies in the constellation Lyra and is one of the prominent stars that makes up the Summer Triangle along with Aquila in Altair and Deneb in Cygnus. Vega itself likes 25 light years away from Earth so it is, in astronomical terms, relatively close. It’s a hot blue/white star which has a visible surface temperature of around 9,600 degrees. At this temperature it is hotter than the Sun and in size it is about 2.1 times larger in diameter. 

The track of the ISS near Vega in Lyra. From right to left, the station is passing from sunlight into Earth’s shadow. Its color transitions from white to red. Credit: Bob King

Data captured by JWST has recently been used to study Vega. The space telescope is perhaps the most advanced telescope to be placed into orbit. It was launched in December 2021 as part of a partnership between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA.) It orbits the Sun at the second Lagrange point which is about 1.5 million km away from Earth. As telescopes go it’s not the largest (main mirror is 6.5m across) but by being in space it can out perform many ground-based instruments. 

Among the many instruments on board JWST, NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid Infrared Camera) have been used to probe the secrets of Vega. Interest was piqued when the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) detected an excess of long wavelengths which were attributed to a cold dust ring emitting radiation at 25-100 ?m. Further studies revealed the signal was very similar to the signal from the Kuiper Belt. The discovery led astronomers to the conclusion that it must be the remains of planetary formation. 

MIRI, ( Mid InfraRed Instrument ), flight instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, JWST, during ambient temperature alignment testing in RAL Space’s clean rooms at STFC’s Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 8th November 2010.

In a paper written by a team of astronomers led by Charles Beichman from NASA’s Exoplanet Science Institute they describe their attempts to hunt down planets in the ring of debris. They were able to utilise data from NIRCam’s coronographic observations of Vega. Within this data, there were 3 sources identified and analysed using supporting data from MIRI. The sources were assessed to see if astrometric data confirmed an association with Vega. If it were part of the Vega system the data would indicate a mass of these sources between 1 and 3 times mass of Jupiter and a temperature in the region of 250K.

Such an object is likely to have disrupted the smooth disk structure but the MIRI data reveals no such effects. It seems then for now at least, that the debris field around Vega is devoid of evidence of planetary formation. Further studies using the instrumentation on board JWST and other new observatories coming on line may change this view but for now it seems, Vega may just be alone without any planetary system. 

Source : Searching for Planets Orbiting Vega with the James Webb Space Telescope

The post Webb Scans Vega for Planets appeared first on Universe Today.