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Curiosity Blog, Sols 4743-4749: Polygons in the Hollow
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Curiosity Blog, Sols 4743-4749: Polygons in the Hollow NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity acquired this close-up image of polygon-shaped features in the “Monte Grande” boxwork hollow. Similar polygonal patterns in various strata were seen previously, elsewhere in Gale Crater. Curiosity captured the image using its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), located on the turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm, on Dec. 11, 2025 — Sol 4745, or Martian day 4,745 of the Mars Science Laboratory mission — at 16:55:37 UTC. NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Written by Lucy Lim, Planetary Scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Earth Planning Date: Friday, Dec. 12, 2025
The weekend drive starting from the “Nevado Sajama” drill site brought Curiosity back into the “Monte Grande” boxwork hollow. We’ve been in this hollow before for the “Valle de la Luna” drill campaign, but now that the team has seen the results from both the “Valle de la Luna” and “Nevado Sajama” drilled samples, we’ve decided that there’s more work to do here.
Overall science goals here included analysis of the other well-exposed bedrock block in Monte Grande to improve our statistics on the composition of the bedrock in the hollows, and also high-resolution imaging and compositional analysis of portions of the walls of the hollow, other than those that had been covered during the Valle de la Luna campaign. These are part of a systematic mini-campaign to map a transect over the hollow-to-ridge structure from top to bottom at this site.
The post-drive imaging revealed a surprise — Valle de la Luna’s neighboring block was covered with polygons! As it turned out, the rover’s position during our previous visit for the Valle de la Luna drill campaign happened to have stood in the way of imaging of the polygonal features on this block so this was our first good look at them. We have seen broadly similar polygonal patterns in various strata in Gale Crater before — recently in the layered sulfate units (for instance, during Sols 4532-4533 and Sols 4370-4371) but we hadn’t seen them in the bottom of a boxwork hollow. Interestingly, this block looks more rubbly in texture than many of the previously observed polygon-covered blocks.
We’re interested in the relationship of the visibly protruding fracture-filling material here to fracture-filling materials seen in previous polygons, and also in the relationship of the polygonal surface on top to the more chaotic-appearing exposures lower on the block, and to the equivalent strata in the nearby wall of the hollow. We therefore planned a super-sized MAHLI mosaic that will support three-dimensional modeling of the upper and lower exposed surfaces of the polygon-bearing block. Several APXS and ChemCam LIBS observations targeted on the polygon centers and polygon ridges were also planned, to measure composition. Meanwhile, Mastcam has been busy planning stereo images of the nearby hollow wall in addition to the various blocks on the hollow floor.
The hollow also included freshly exposed light-toned material from where the rover had driven over and scuffed some bedrock, so another APXS measurement and a ChemCam LIBS went to the scuffed patch to measure the fresh surface.
We’ll be driving on Sol 4748. As we drive we’ll be taking a MARDI “sidewalk” observation, to image the ground beneath the rover as we approach the wall for a closer view, and hopefully some contact science in next week’s plans.
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3 min read Curiosity Blog, Sols 4731-4742: Finishing Up at Nevado Sajama
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1 week ago
2 min read Curiosity Blog, Sols 4723-4730: Digging Into Nevado Sajama
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1 week ago
Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASA Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, and the seventh largest. It’s the only planet we know of inhabited…
All Mars Resources
Explore this collection of Mars images, videos, resources, PDFs, and toolkits. Discover valuable content designed to inform, educate, and inspire,…
Rover Basics
Each robotic explorer sent to the Red Planet has its own unique capabilities driven by science. Many attributes of a…
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Curiosity Blog, Sols 4743-4749: Polygons in the Hollow
- Curiosity Home
- Science
- News and Features
- Multimedia
- Mars Missions
- Mars Home
3 min read
Curiosity Blog, Sols 4743-4749: Polygons in the Hollow NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity acquired this close-up image of polygon-shaped features in the “Monte Grande” boxwork hollow. Similar polygonal patterns in various strata were seen previously, elsewhere in Gale Crater. Curiosity captured the image using its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), located on the turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm, on Dec. 11, 2025 — Sol 4745, or Martian day 4,745 of the Mars Science Laboratory mission — at 16:55:37 UTC. NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSSWritten by Lucy Lim, Planetary Scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Earth Planning Date: Friday, Dec. 12, 2025
The weekend drive starting from the “Nevado Sajama” drill site brought Curiosity back into the “Monte Grande” boxwork hollow. We’ve been in this hollow before for the “Valle de la Luna” drill campaign, but now that the team has seen the results from both the “Valle de la Luna” and “Nevado Sajama” drilled samples, we’ve decided that there’s more work to do here.
Overall science goals here included analysis of the other well-exposed bedrock block in Monte Grande to improve our statistics on the composition of the bedrock in the hollows, and also high-resolution imaging and compositional analysis of portions of the walls of the hollow, other than those that had been covered during the Valle de la Luna campaign. These are part of a systematic mini-campaign to map a transect over the hollow-to-ridge structure from top to bottom at this site.
The post-drive imaging revealed a surprise — Valle de la Luna’s neighboring block was covered with polygons! As it turned out, the rover’s position during our previous visit for the Valle de la Luna drill campaign happened to have stood in the way of imaging of the polygonal features on this block so this was our first good look at them. We have seen broadly similar polygonal patterns in various strata in Gale Crater before — recently in the layered sulfate units (for instance, during Sols 4532-4533 and Sols 4370-4371) but we hadn’t seen them in the bottom of a boxwork hollow. Interestingly, this block looks more rubbly in texture than many of the previously observed polygon-covered blocks.
We’re interested in the relationship of the visibly protruding fracture-filling material here to fracture-filling materials seen in previous polygons, and also in the relationship of the polygonal surface on top to the more chaotic-appearing exposures lower on the block, and to the equivalent strata in the nearby wall of the hollow. We therefore planned a super-sized MAHLI mosaic that will support three-dimensional modeling of the upper and lower exposed surfaces of the polygon-bearing block. Several APXS and ChemCam LIBS observations targeted on the polygon centers and polygon ridges were also planned, to measure composition. Meanwhile, Mastcam has been busy planning stereo images of the nearby hollow wall in addition to the various blocks on the hollow floor.
The hollow also included freshly exposed light-toned material from where the rover had driven over and scuffed some bedrock, so another APXS measurement and a ChemCam LIBS went to the scuffed patch to measure the fresh surface.
We’ll be driving on Sol 4748. As we drive we’ll be taking a MARDI “sidewalk” observation, to image the ground beneath the rover as we approach the wall for a closer view, and hopefully some contact science in next week’s plans.
-
Want to read more posts from the Curiosity team?
-
Want to learn more about Curiosity’s science instruments?
Article
1 day ago
3 min read Curiosity Blog, Sols 4731-4742: Finishing Up at Nevado Sajama
Article
1 week ago
2 min read Curiosity Blog, Sols 4723-4730: Digging Into Nevado Sajama
Article
1 week ago
Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASA Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, and the seventh largest. It’s the only planet we know of inhabited…
All Mars Resources
Explore this collection of Mars images, videos, resources, PDFs, and toolkits. Discover valuable content designed to inform, educate, and inspire,…
Rover Basics
Each robotic explorer sent to the Red Planet has its own unique capabilities driven by science. Many attributes of a…
Mars Exploration: Science Goals
The key to understanding the past, present or future potential for life on Mars can be found in NASA’s four…
Did Astronomers Just Find a ‘Superkilonova’ Double Explosion? Maybe.
Astronomers may have just seen the first ever ‘superkilonova,’ a combination of a supernova and a kilonova. These are two very different kinds of stellar explosions, and if this discovery stands, it could change the way scientists understand stellar birth and death.
Roman soldiers defending Hadrian’s Wall had intestinal parasites
Roman soldiers defending Hadrian’s Wall had intestinal parasites
Moon Mascot: NASA Artemis II ZGI Design Challenge
4 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater) A graphic for the Moon Mascot: NASA Artemis II ZGI Design Challenge.Freelancer
Whose Moon Mascot design will join the Artemis II astronauts on their historic voyage around the Moon in early 2026?
Between March 7 and Jun. 16, 2025, NASA worked with crowdsourcing company Freelancer to seek design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight.
Zero gravity indicators are small, plush items carried aboard spacecraft to provide a visual indication of when the spacecraft and its crew reach space.
For the first eight minutes after liftoff, the crew and their indicator nearby will still be pushed into their seats by gravity, and the force of the climb into space. When the main engines of the SLS (Space Launch System) rocket’s core stage cut off, gravity’s restraints are lifted, but the crew will still be strapped safely into their seats – their zero gravity indicator’s ability to float will provide proof that they’ve made it into space.
Artemis II marks the first time that the public has had a hand in creating a crew’s mascot.
The MissionOver the course of about ten days, four astronauts will travel approximately 685,000 miles from Earth, venture around the Moon, and return home. The flight will—for the first time with astronauts—test NASA’s human deep space exploration capabilities, including the agency’s Exploration Ground Systems, SLS (Space Launch System) rocket, and Orion spacecraft.
NASA has a long history of flying zero gravity indicators for human spaceflight missions. Many missions to the International Space Station include a plush item. A plush Snoopy rode inside Orion during NASA’s uncrewed Artemis I mission.
NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Jeremy Hansen will venture around the Moon and back. The mission is the first crewed flight under NASA’s Artemis campaign and is another step toward missions on the lunar surface and helping the agency prepare for future human missions to Mars.
The ContestThe Artemis II astronauts attended SXSW 2025 on March 7, 2025, and sat on a panel to discuss their upcoming mission around the Moon and answer questions from the audience. During the panel, commander Reid Wiseman showed the audience his zero gravity indicator from his Expedition 40 mission to the International Space Station. His zero gravity indicator was a toy giraffe named Giraffiti. Wiseman’s mother gifted Giraffiti to his oldest daughter when she was born. When Wiseman embarked on his first mission to space, his kids gave him Giraffiti to take with him to space.
“This little guy spent every day with me in my crew quarters,” said Wiseman. “It was a connection back home to my kids.”
June 4, 2014NASA Astronaut Reid Wiseman photographed in front of the Cupola windows during his Expedition 40 mission with his zero gravity indicator, Giraffiti.NASA March 7, 2025NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman shows the zero gravity indicator, “Giraffiti” used during his launch to the International Space Station as he and fellow Artemis II astronauts announce that NASA is seeking design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight, Friday, March 7, 2025, at SXSW in Austin, Texas.NASA/Bill Ingalls March 7, 2025NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman shows the zero gravity indicator, “Giraffiti” used during his launch to the International Space Station as he and fellow Artemis II astronauts announce that NASA is seeking design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight, Friday, March 7, 2025, at SXSW in Austin, Texas.NASA/Bill IngallsThen, Wiseman and the other crew members revealed that they were opening up the opportunities to people of all ages from all over the world to design the zero gravity indicator for the Artemis II mission around the Moon.
What better way to fly a mission around the Moon than to invite the public inside NASA’s Orion spacecraft with us and ask for help in designing our zero gravity indicator?Reid Wiseman
NASA Astronaut and Commander of the Artemis II Mission
The Moon Mascot contest was hosted by the freelancing and crowdsourcing company Freelancer on behalf of the agency through the NASA Tournament Lab. The contest lasted about three months and received thousands of submissions from over 50 countries. Over the course of the contest, the agency hosted a Twitch stream on NASA’s Twitch channel to discuss zero gravity indicators and practice creating a design with a live artist. Adobe also released an Adobe Express template to help participants with their designs.
An Adobe Express template for the Moon Mascot competition. Adobe The Finalists
On Aug. 22, NASA and Freelancer announced the 25 finalists of the contest. These designs – ideas spanning from Moon-related twists on Earthly creatures to creative visions of exploration and discovery – were selected from more than 2,600 submissions from over 50 countries, including from K-12 students. The finalists represent 10 countries including the United States, Canada, Colombia, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Peru, Singapore, and Wales.
Lucas Ye | Mountain View, California“Rise” Kenan Ziyan | Canyon, Texas“Zappy Zebra” Royal School, SKIES Space Club | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada“Luna the Space Polar Bear” Garden County Schools | Oshkosh, Nebraska“Team GarCo” Richellea Quinn Wijaya | Singapore“Parsec – The Bird That Flew to the Moon” Anzhelika Iudakova | Finland“Big Steps of Little Octopus” Congressional School | Falls Church, Virginia“Astra-Jelly” Congressional School | Falls Church, Virginia“Harper, Chloe, and Mateo’s ZGI” Alexa Pacholyk | Madison, Connecticut“Artemis” Leila Fleury | Rancho Palos Verdes, California“Beeatrice” Oakville Trafalgar School | Oakville, Ontario, Canada“Lepus the Moon Rabbit” Avon High School | Avon, Connecticut“Sal the Salmon” Daniela Colina | Lima, Peru“Corey the Explorer” Caroline Goyer-Desrosiers | St. Eustache, Quebec, Canada“Flying Squirrel Ready for Its Take Off to Space!” Giulia Bona | Berlin, Germany“Art & the Giant” Tabitha Ramsey | Frederick, Maryland“Lunar Crust-acean” Gabriela Hadas | Plano, Texas“Celestial Griffin” Savon Blanchard | Pearland, Texas“Soluna Flier” Ayako Moriyama | Kyoto, Japan“MORU: A Cloud Aglow with Moonlight and Hope” Johanna Beck | McPherson, Kansas“Creation Mythos” Guillaume Truong | Toulouse, France“Space Mola-mola (aka Moon Fish) Plushie” Arianna Robins | Rockledge, Florida“Terra the Titanosaurus” Sandy Moya | Madrid, Colombia“MISI: Guardian of the Journey” Bekah Crowmer | Mooresville, Indiana“Mona the Moon Moth” Courtney John | Llanelli, Wales“Past, Present, Future” The WinnerOnce the crew has selected a final design, NASA’s Thermal Blanket Lab will fabricate it for flight. The indicator will be tethered inside the Orion spacecraft before launch.
The winner of the contest and the design that will accompany the astronauts on their historic mission will be unveiled closer to launch. Launch is currently targeted for early next year, with launch opportunities as soon as February 2026.
About the AuthorThalia K. Patrinos Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 Related Terms Explore More 9 min read 2025 in Review: Highlights from NASA in Silicon Valley Article 2 days ago 3 min read NASA’s DiskSat Technology Demo Launches to Low Earth Orbit Article 2 days ago 10 min read NASA Langley Research Center: 2025 Year in Review Article 3 days ago Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASAMissions
Humans in Space
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Moon Mascot: NASA Artemis II ZGI Design Challenge
4 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater) A graphic for the Moon Mascot: NASA Artemis II ZGI Design Challenge.FreelancerWhose Moon Mascot design will join the Artemis II astronauts on their historic voyage around the Moon in early 2026?
Between March 7 and Jun. 16, 2025, NASA worked with crowdsourcing company Freelancer to seek design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight.
Zero gravity indicators are small, plush items carried aboard spacecraft to provide a visual indication of when the spacecraft and its crew reach space.
For the first eight minutes after liftoff, the crew and their indicator nearby will still be pushed into their seats by gravity, and the force of the climb into space. When the main engines of the SLS (Space Launch System) rocket’s core stage cut off, gravity’s restraints are lifted, but the crew will still be strapped safely into their seats – their zero gravity indicator’s ability to float will provide proof that they’ve made it into space.
Artemis II marks the first time that the public has had a hand in creating a crew’s mascot.
The MissionOver the course of about ten days, four astronauts will travel approximately 685,000 miles from Earth, venture around the Moon, and return home. The flight will—for the first time with astronauts—test NASA’s human deep space exploration capabilities, including the agency’s Exploration Ground Systems, SLS (Space Launch System) rocket, and Orion spacecraft.
NASA has a long history of flying zero gravity indicators for human spaceflight missions. Many missions to the International Space Station include a plush item. A plush Snoopy rode inside Orion during NASA’s uncrewed Artemis I mission.
NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Jeremy Hansen will venture around the Moon and back. The mission is the first crewed flight under NASA’s Artemis campaign and is another step toward missions on the lunar surface and helping the agency prepare for future human missions to Mars.
The ContestThe Artemis II astronauts attended SXSW 2025 on March 7, 2025, and sat on a panel to discuss their upcoming mission around the Moon and answer questions from the audience. During the panel, commander Reid Wiseman showed the audience his zero gravity indicator from his Expedition 40 mission to the International Space Station. His zero gravity indicator was a toy giraffe named Giraffiti. Wiseman’s mother gifted Giraffiti to his oldest daughter when she was born. When Wiseman embarked on his first mission to space, his kids gave him Giraffiti to take with him to space.
“This little guy spent every day with me in my crew quarters,” said Wiseman. “It was a connection back home to my kids.”
June 4, 2014NASA Astronaut Reid Wiseman photographed in front of the Cupola windows during his Expedition 40 mission with his zero gravity indicator, Giraffiti.NASA March 7, 2025NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman shows the zero gravity indicator, “Giraffiti” used during his launch to the International Space Station as he and fellow Artemis II astronauts announce that NASA is seeking design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight, Friday, March 7, 2025, at SXSW in Austin, Texas.NASA/Bill Ingalls March 7, 2025NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman shows the zero gravity indicator, “Giraffiti” used during his launch to the International Space Station as he and fellow Artemis II astronauts announce that NASA is seeking design ideas from global creators for a zero gravity indicator that will fly aboard the agency’s Artemis II test flight, Friday, March 7, 2025, at SXSW in Austin, Texas.NASA/Bill IngallsThen, Wiseman and the other crew members revealed that they were opening up the opportunities to people of all ages from all over the world to design the zero gravity indicator for the Artemis II mission around the Moon.
What better way to fly a mission around the Moon than to invite the public inside NASA’s Orion spacecraft with us and ask for help in designing our zero gravity indicator?Reid Wiseman
NASA Astronaut and Commander of the Artemis II Mission
The Moon Mascot contest was hosted by the freelancing and crowdsourcing company Freelancer on behalf of the agency through the NASA Tournament Lab. The contest lasted about three months and received thousands of submissions from over 50 countries. Over the course of the contest, the agency hosted a Twitch stream on NASA’s Twitch channel to discuss zero gravity indicators and practice creating a design with a live artist. Adobe also released an Adobe Express template to help participants with their designs.
An Adobe Express template for the Moon Mascot competition. Adobe The FinalistsOn Aug. 22, NASA and Freelancer announced the 25 finalists of the contest. These designs – ideas spanning from Moon-related twists on Earthly creatures to creative visions of exploration and discovery – were selected from more than 2,600 submissions from over 50 countries, including from K-12 students. The finalists represent 10 countries including the United States, Canada, Colombia, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Peru, Singapore, and Wales.
Lucas Ye | Mountain View, California“Rise” Kenan Ziyan | Canyon, Texas“Zappy Zebra” Royal School, SKIES Space Club | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada“Luna the Space Polar Bear” Garden County Schools | Oshkosh, Nebraska“Team GarCo” Richellea Quinn Wijaya | Singapore“Parsec – The Bird That Flew to the Moon” Anzhelika Iudakova | Finland“Big Steps of Little Octopus” Congressional School | Falls Church, Virginia“Astra-Jelly” Congressional School | Falls Church, Virginia“Harper, Chloe, and Mateo’s ZGI” Alexa Pacholyk | Madison, Connecticut“Artemis” Leila Fleury | Rancho Palos Verdes, California“Beeatrice” Oakville Trafalgar School | Oakville, Ontario, Canada“Lepus the Moon Rabbit” Avon High School | Avon, Connecticut“Sal the Salmon” Daniela Colina | Lima, Peru“Corey the Explorer” Caroline Goyer-Desrosiers | St. Eustache, Quebec, Canada“Flying Squirrel Ready for Its Take Off to Space!” Giulia Bona | Berlin, Germany“Art & the Giant” Tabitha Ramsey | Frederick, Maryland“Lunar Crust-acean” Gabriela Hadas | Plano, Texas“Celestial Griffin” Savon Blanchard | Pearland, Texas“Soluna Flier” Ayako Moriyama | Kyoto, Japan“MORU: A Cloud Aglow with Moonlight and Hope” Johanna Beck | McPherson, Kansas“Creation Mythos” Guillaume Truong | Toulouse, France“Space Mola-mola (aka Moon Fish) Plushie” Arianna Robins | Rockledge, Florida“Terra the Titanosaurus” Sandy Moya | Madrid, Colombia“MISI: Guardian of the Journey” Bekah Crowmer | Mooresville, Indiana“Mona the Moon Moth” Courtney John | Llanelli, Wales“Past, Present, Future” The WinnerOnce the crew has selected a final design, NASA’s Thermal Blanket Lab will fabricate it for flight. The indicator will be tethered inside the Orion spacecraft before launch.
The winner of the contest and the design that will accompany the astronauts on their historic mission will be unveiled closer to launch. Launch is currently targeted for early next year, with launch opportunities as soon as February 2026.
About the AuthorThalia K. Patrinos Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 Related Terms Explore More 9 min read 2025 in Review: Highlights from NASA in Silicon Valley Article 2 days ago 3 min read NASA’s DiskSat Technology Demo Launches to Low Earth Orbit Article 2 days ago 10 min read NASA Langley Research Center: 2025 Year in Review Article 3 days ago Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASAMissions
Humans in Space
Climate Change
Solar System
NASA Announces 2025 International Space Apps Challenge Global Winners
NASA Space Apps announced Thursday 10 winners of the 2025 NASA Space Apps Challenge. During this two-day hackathon, participants gathered at 551 local events across 167 countries and territories to showcase their STEM skills and proposed ways to transform NASA’s open data into actionable tools.
Participants work on their projects at the NASA Space Apps Challenge in Austin, Texas, at one of more than 50 local events held in the United States.NASA Space Apps
More than 114,000 participants came together to address challenges created by NASA subject matter experts. These challenges ranged in complexity and topic, tasking participants with everything from leveraging artificial intelligence, to improving access to NASA research, and developing tools to evaluate air quality.
“The Space Apps Challenge puts NASA’s free and open data into the hands of explorers around the world,” said Karen St. Germain, director, NASA Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “With participants as varied as NASA enthusiasts, future scientists, regional decision-makers and members of the public, this challenge demonstrates the excitement of discovery and the real-world applications of agency data. Space apps also fosters a global community of creative and innovative ideas.”
The winners were determined from more than 11,500 project submissions and judged by subject matter experts from NASA and agency partners:
Best Use of Science Award: SpaceGenes+
Team Members: Saloni T.
Challenge: Build a Space Biology Knowledge Engine
Country/Territory: Germany
Team SpaceGenes+ created an interactive dashboard designed to help researchers uncover how radiation and microgravity together impact astronaut health at the molecular level. It gives researchers and mission planners an easy way to identify important molecular changes, supporting more effective protection strategies for long-duration spaceflight.
Learn more about SpaceGenes+’ project
Best Use of Data Award: Resonant Exoplanets
Team Members: Adhvaidh S., Gabriel S., Jack A., Sahil S.
Challenge: A World Away: Hunting for Exoplanets with AI
Country/Territory: United States
Team Resonant Exoplanets developed an AI-powered system that ingests large sets of telescope and satellite data, including spectra from missions like the James Webb Space Telescope. This tool automatically analyzes data for exoplanets and detects possible biosignatures, rather than identifying them manually.
Learn more about Resonant Exoplanets’ project
Best Use of Technology Award: Twisters
Team Members: Fernando A., Marcelo T., Mariana D., Regina R., Regina F.
Challenge: Will It Rain on My Parade?
Country/Territory: Mexico
Team Twisters developed SkySense, a web-app platform that uses NASA Earth observation data and AI analysis to provide ultra-local, personalized weather predictions and to analyze weather variables such as rain, wind, temperature, humidity, and visibility, generating real-time risk assessments and suggesting the safest time windows for activities.
Learn more about Twisters’ project
Galactic Impact Award: Astro Sweepers: We Catch What Space Leaves Behind
Team Members: Harshiv T., Pragathy S., Pratik J., Sherlin D., Yousra H., Zienab E.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: Universal Event
Team Astro Sweepers developed an end-to-end orbital debris compliance and risk intelligence platform that automatically ingests public orbital data to generate Debris Assessment Software reports and compute the Astro Sweepers Risk Index for every resident space object. This project considers the operational, regulatory, and environmental challenges of commercialized space travel.
Learn more about Astro Sweepers’ project
Best Mission Concept Award: PureFlow
Team Members: Esthefany M., João F., Laiza L., Lara D., Pedro H., Thayane D.
Challenge: Your Home in Space: The Habitat Layout Creator
Country/Territory: Brazil
PureFlow developed an interactive systems engineering platform that allows users to design, model in 3D, and validate space habitats, and then test the design against real space-weather threats, such as solar storms. This system considers the critical functions required for living in space, including waste management, power, life support, communications, and more.
Learn more about PureFlows’ project
Most Inspirational Award: Photonics Odyssey
Team Members: Manish D., M. K., Prasanth G., Rajalingam N., Rashi M., Sakthi R.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: India
Photonics Odyssey reimagined satellite internet as a sovereign national infrastructure rather than a private service, proposing a phased-array antenna approach that reduces ground dependency and expands broadband access to remote regions of India. The concept aims to help connect more than 700 million people who lack access to broadband internet.
Learn more about Photonics Odysseys’ project
Best Use of Storytelling Award: HerCode Space
Team Members: Alice R., Joselyn R., Paula C., Pierina J.
Challenge: Stellar Stories: Space Weather Through the Eyes of Earthlings
Country/Territory: Universal Event
HerCode Space combined NASA data and heliophysics concepts with powerful storytelling and vibrant illustrations to teach kids how space weather affects daily life and why it matters. HerCode Science hopes their story, “A Solar Tale,” can bridge science and imagination, and bring heliophysics to life in classrooms, libraries, and outreach programs.
Learn more about HerCode Spaces’ project
Global Connection Award: Gaia+LEO
Team Members: Adam H., Katia L., Prajwal S., Upendra K.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: United States
Team Gaia+LEO developed a mixed-integer optimization framework that co-designs orbital and terrestrial data-center networks to support large-scale AI training and climate modeling in orbit. Their goal is to reduce the power, and water demands of Earth-based systems and help accelerate the shift toward space-based, green computing within the emerging orbital economy.
Learn more about Gaia+LEOs’ project
Art & Technology Award: Zumorroda-X
Team Members: Alaa A., Esraa A., Malak S., Mennatulla E.
Challenge: NASA Farm Navigators: Using NASA Data Exploration in Agriculture
Country/Territory: Egypt
Team Zumorroda-X created mini games that allow players to step into the shoes of a farmer who sets off on an epic journey around the world. Through this game, players can learn how farmers globally adapt to heat waves, flooding, and other environmental challenges.
Learn more about Zumorroda-Xs’ project
Local Impact Award: QUEÑARIS
Team Members: Borax Q., Carlos Y., Marcelo S., Máximo S., Oscar M., Pamela P.
Challenge: BloomWatch: An Earth Observation Application for Global Flowering Phenology
Country/Territory: Peru
Team QUEÑARIS’ project addresses critical water scarcity in Peru’s second-largest city, Arequipa, caused by the degradation of queñua forests, which are vital for water retention. Their platform combines native microorganisms, NASA satellite data, drones, and artificial intelligence to accelerate tree growth, identify the best areas for reforestation, and monitor ecosystem health.
Learn more about QUEÑARIS’ project
Stay up to date with #SpaceApps by following these accounts:
X: @SpaceApps
Instagram: @nasa_spaceapps
Facebook: @spaceappschallenge
YouTube: @NASASpaceAppsChallenge
NASA Space Apps is funded by NASA’s Earth Science Division through a contract with Booz Allen Hamilton, Mindgrub, and SecondMuse.
To learn more about what inspired these winning projects, visit:
https://www.spaceappschallenge.org
Explore More 6 min read NASA International Space Apps Challenge Announces 2024 Global Winners Article 11 months ago 5 min read 2023 NASA International Space Apps Challenge Announces 10 Global WinnersTen teams from around the world have been named the Global Winners of the 2023…
Article 2 years ago Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 Related TermsNASA Announces 2025 International Space Apps Challenge Global Winners
NASA Space Apps announced Thursday 10 winners of the 2025 NASA Space Apps Challenge. During this two-day hackathon, participants gathered at 551 local events across 167 countries and territories to showcase their STEM skills and proposed ways to transform NASA’s open data into actionable tools.
Participants work on their projects at the NASA Space Apps Challenge in Austin, Texas, at one of more than 50 local events held in the United States.NASA Space AppsMore than 114,000 participants came together to address challenges created by NASA subject matter experts. These challenges ranged in complexity and topic, tasking participants with everything from leveraging artificial intelligence, to improving access to NASA research, and developing tools to evaluate air quality.
“The Space Apps Challenge puts NASA’s free and open data into the hands of explorers around the world,” said Karen St. Germain, director, NASA Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “With participants as varied as NASA enthusiasts, future scientists, regional decision-makers and members of the public, this challenge demonstrates the excitement of discovery and the real-world applications of agency data. Space apps also fosters a global community of creative and innovative ideas.”
The winners were determined from more than 11,500 project submissions and judged by subject matter experts from NASA and agency partners:
Best Use of Science Award: SpaceGenes+
Team Members: Saloni T.
Challenge: Build a Space Biology Knowledge Engine
Country/Territory: Germany
Team SpaceGenes+ created an interactive dashboard designed to help researchers uncover how radiation and microgravity together impact astronaut health at the molecular level. It gives researchers and mission planners an easy way to identify important molecular changes, supporting more effective protection strategies for long-duration spaceflight.
Learn more about SpaceGenes+’ project
Best Use of Data Award: Resonant Exoplanets
Team Members: Adhvaidh S., Gabriel S., Jack A., Sahil S.
Challenge: A World Away: Hunting for Exoplanets with AI
Country/Territory: United States
Team Resonant Exoplanets developed an AI-powered system that ingests large sets of telescope and satellite data, including spectra from missions like the James Webb Space Telescope. This tool automatically analyzes data for exoplanets and detects possible biosignatures, rather than identifying them manually.
Learn more about Resonant Exoplanets’ project
Best Use of Technology Award: Twisters
Team Members: Fernando A., Marcelo T., Mariana D., Regina R., Regina F.
Challenge: Will It Rain on My Parade?
Country/Territory: Mexico
Team Twisters developed SkySense, a web-app platform that uses NASA Earth observation data and AI analysis to provide ultra-local, personalized weather predictions and to analyze weather variables such as rain, wind, temperature, humidity, and visibility, generating real-time risk assessments and suggesting the safest time windows for activities.
Learn more about Twisters’ project
Galactic Impact Award: Astro Sweepers: We Catch What Space Leaves Behind
Team Members: Harshiv T., Pragathy S., Pratik J., Sherlin D., Yousra H., Zienab E.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: Universal Event
Team Astro Sweepers developed an end-to-end orbital debris compliance and risk intelligence platform that automatically ingests public orbital data to generate Debris Assessment Software reports and compute the Astro Sweepers Risk Index for every resident space object. This project considers the operational, regulatory, and environmental challenges of commercialized space travel.
Learn more about Astro Sweepers’ project
Best Mission Concept Award: PureFlow
Team Members: Esthefany M., João F., Laiza L., Lara D., Pedro H., Thayane D.
Challenge: Your Home in Space: The Habitat Layout Creator
Country/Territory: Brazil
PureFlow developed an interactive systems engineering platform that allows users to design, model in 3D, and validate space habitats, and then test the design against real space-weather threats, such as solar storms. This system considers the critical functions required for living in space, including waste management, power, life support, communications, and more.
Learn more about PureFlows’ project
Most Inspirational Award: Photonics Odyssey
Team Members: Manish D., M. K., Prasanth G., Rajalingam N., Rashi M., Sakthi R.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: India
Photonics Odyssey reimagined satellite internet as a sovereign national infrastructure rather than a private service, proposing a phased-array antenna approach that reduces ground dependency and expands broadband access to remote regions of India. The concept aims to help connect more than 700 million people who lack access to broadband internet.
Learn more about Photonics Odysseys’ project
Best Use of Storytelling Award: HerCode Space
Team Members: Alice R., Joselyn R., Paula C., Pierina J.
Challenge: Stellar Stories: Space Weather Through the Eyes of Earthlings
Country/Territory: Universal Event
HerCode Space combined NASA data and heliophysics concepts with powerful storytelling and vibrant illustrations to teach kids how space weather affects daily life and why it matters. HerCode Science hopes their story, “A Solar Tale,” can bridge science and imagination, and bring heliophysics to life in classrooms, libraries, and outreach programs.
Learn more about HerCode Spaces’ project
Global Connection Award: Gaia+LEO
Team Members: Adam H., Katia L., Prajwal S., Upendra K.
Challenge: Commercializing Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Country/Territory: United States
Team Gaia+LEO developed a mixed-integer optimization framework that co-designs orbital and terrestrial data-center networks to support large-scale AI training and climate modeling in orbit. Their goal is to reduce the power, and water demands of Earth-based systems and help accelerate the shift toward space-based, green computing within the emerging orbital economy.
Learn more about Gaia+LEOs’ project
Art & Technology Award: Zumorroda-X
Team Members: Alaa A., Esraa A., Malak S., Mennatulla E.
Challenge: NASA Farm Navigators: Using NASA Data Exploration in Agriculture
Country/Territory: Egypt
Team Zumorroda-X created mini games that allow players to step into the shoes of a farmer who sets off on an epic journey around the world. Through this game, players can learn how farmers globally adapt to heat waves, flooding, and other environmental challenges.
Learn more about Zumorroda-Xs’ project
Local Impact Award: QUEÑARIS
Team Members: Borax Q., Carlos Y., Marcelo S., Máximo S., Oscar M., Pamela P.
Challenge: BloomWatch: An Earth Observation Application for Global Flowering Phenology
Country/Territory: Peru
Team QUEÑARIS’ project addresses critical water scarcity in Peru’s second-largest city, Arequipa, caused by the degradation of queñua forests, which are vital for water retention. Their platform combines native microorganisms, NASA satellite data, drones, and artificial intelligence to accelerate tree growth, identify the best areas for reforestation, and monitor ecosystem health.
Learn more about QUEÑARIS’ project
Stay up to date with #SpaceApps by following these accounts:
X: @SpaceApps
Instagram: @nasa_spaceapps
Facebook: @spaceappschallenge
YouTube: @NASASpaceAppsChallenge
NASA Space Apps is funded by NASA’s Earth Science Division through a contract with Booz Allen Hamilton, Mindgrub, and SecondMuse.
To learn more about what inspired these winning projects, visit:
https://www.spaceappschallenge.org
Explore More 6 min read NASA International Space Apps Challenge Announces 2024 Global Winners Article 11 months ago 5 min read 2023 NASA International Space Apps Challenge Announces 10 Global WinnersTen teams from around the world have been named the Global Winners of the 2023…
Article 2 years ago Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 Related TermsHere’s How Much Practice You Need to Become the Best in the World
Are you a specialist or a generalist? The answer could reveal something about how well you learn and perfect a skill
NASA Lab Completes Engine Checks on New Aircraft
NASA Lab Completes Engine Checks on New Aircraft
Justin Hall, left, controls a subscale aircraft as Justin Link holds the aircraft in place during preliminary engine tests on Friday, Sept. 12, 2025, at NASA’s Armstong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California.
Hall, chief pilot at the center’s Dale Reed Subscale Flight Research Laboratory, and Link, a pilot for small uncrewed aircraft systems, are building the large subscale aircraft to support increasingly complex flight research, offering a more flexible and cost-effective alternative to crewed missions. Once ready, the aircraft will help evaluate new concepts, technologies, and flight controls to support NASA missions on Earth and beyond.
Image Credit: NASA/Christopher LC Clark
NASA Lab Completes Engine Checks on New Aircraft
Justin Hall, left, controls a subscale aircraft as Justin Link holds the aircraft in place during preliminary engine tests on Friday, Sept. 12, 2025, at NASA’s Armstong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California.
Hall, chief pilot at the center’s Dale Reed Subscale Flight Research Laboratory, and Link, a pilot for small uncrewed aircraft systems, are building the large subscale aircraft to support increasingly complex flight research, offering a more flexible and cost-effective alternative to crewed missions. Once ready, the aircraft will help evaluate new concepts, technologies, and flight controls to support NASA missions on Earth and beyond.
Image Credit: NASA/Christopher LC Clark
Two asteroids crashed around a nearby star, solving a cosmic mystery
Two asteroids crashed around a nearby star, solving a cosmic mystery
NASA’s Hubble Sees Asteroids Colliding at Nearby Star for First Time
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Like a game of cosmic bumper cars, scientists think the early days of our solar system were a time of violent turmoil, with planetesimals, asteroids, and comets smashing together and pelting the Earth, Moon, and the other inner planets with debris. Now, in a historical milestone, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has directly imaged similar catastrophic collisions in a nearby planetary system around another star, Fomalhaut.
“This is certainly the first time I’ve ever seen a point of light appear out of nowhere in an exoplanetary system,” said principal investigator Paul Kalas of the University of California, Berkeley. “It’s absent in all of our previous Hubble images, which means that we just witnessed a violent collision between two massive objects and a huge debris cloud unlike anything in our own solar system today. Amazing!”
Just 25 light-years from Earth, Fomalhaut is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Located in the constellation Piscis Austrinus, also known as the Southern Fish, it is more massive and brighter than the Sun and is encircled by several belts of dusty debris.
This composite Hubble Space Telescope image shows the debris ring and dust clouds cs1 and cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. Fomalhaut itself is masked out to allow the fainter features to be seen. Its location is marked by the white star.Image: NASA, ESA, Paul Kalas (UC Berkeley); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)
In 2008, scientists used Hubble to discover a candidate planet around Fomalhaut, making it the first stellar system with a possible planet found using visible light. That object, called Fomalhaut b, now appears to be a dust cloud masquerading as a planet—the result of colliding planetesimals. While searching for Fomalhaut b in recent Hubble observations, scientists were surprised to find a second point of light at a similar location around the star. They call this object “circumstellar source 2” or “cs2” while the first object is now known as “cs1.”
Tackling Mysteries of Colliding PlanetesimalsWhy astronomers are seeing both of these debris clouds so physically close to each other is a mystery. If the collisions between asteroids and planetesimals were random, cs1 and cs2 should appear by chance at unrelated locations. Yet, they are positioned intriguingly near each other along the inner portion of Fomalhaut’s outer debris disk.
Another mystery is why scientists have witnessed these two events within such a short timeframe. “Previous theory suggested that there should be one collision every 100,000 years, or longer. Here, in 20 years, we’ve seen two,” explained Kalas. “If you had a movie of the last 3,000 years, and it was sped up so that every year was a fraction of a second, imagine how many flashes you’d see over that time. Fomalhaut’s planetary system would be sparkling with these collisions.”
Collisions are fundamental to the evolution of planetary systems, but they are rare and difficult to study.
This artist’s concept shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. In Panel 1, the star Fomalhaut appears in the top left corner. Two white dots, located in the bottom right corner, represent the two massive objects in orbit around Fomalhaut. In Panel 2, the objects approach each other. Panel 3 shows the violent collision of these two objects. In Panel 4, the resulting dust cloud cs2 becomes visible and starlight pushes the dust grains away from the star.Artwork: NASA, ESA, STScI, Ralf Crawford (STScI)“The exciting aspect of this observation is that it allows researchers to estimate both the size of the colliding bodies and how many of them there are in the disk, information which is almost impossible to get by any other means,” said co-author Mark Wyatt at the University of Cambridge in England. “Our estimates put the planetesimals that were destroyed to create cs1 and cs2 at just 37 miles or 60 kilometers across, and we infer that there are 300 million such objects orbiting in the Fomalhaut system.”
“The system is a natural laboratory to probe how planetesimals behave when undergoing collisions, which in turn tells us about what they are made of and how they formed,” explained Wyatt.
Cautionary TaleThe transient nature of Fomalhaut cs1 and cs2 poses challenges for future space missions aiming to directly image exoplanets. Such telescopes may mistake dust clouds like cs1 and cs2 for actual planets.
“Fomalhaut cs2 looks exactly like an extrasolar planet reflecting starlight,” said Kalas. “What we learned from studying cs1 is that a large dust cloud can masquerade as a planet for many years. This is a cautionary note for future missions that aim to detect extrasolar planets in reflected light.”
Looking to FutureKalas and his team have been granted Hubble time to monitor cs2 over the next three years. They want to see how it evolves—does it fade, or does it get brighter? Being closer to the dust belt than cs1, the expanding cs2 cloud is more likely to start encountering other material in the belt. This could lead to a sudden avalanche of more dust in the system, which could cause the whole surrounding area to get brighter.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center; Lead Producer: Paul Morris“We will be tracing cs2 for any changes in its shape, brightness, and orbit over time,” said Kalas, “It’s possible that cs2 will start becoming more oval or cometary in shape as the dust grains are pushed outward by the pressure of starlight.”
The team also will use the NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to observe cs2. Webb’s NIRCam has the ability to provide color information that can reveal the size of the cloud’s dust grains and their composition. It can even determine if the cloud contains water ice.
Hubble and Webb are the only observatories capable of this kind of imaging. While Hubble primarily sees in visible wavelengths, Webb could view cs2 in the infrared. These different, complementary wavelengths are needed to provide a broad multi-spectral investigation and a more complete picture of the mysterious Fomalhaut system and its rapid evolution.
This research appears in the December 18 issue of Science.
The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for over three decades and continues to make ground-breaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of the universe. Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope and mission operations. Lockheed Martin Space, based in Denver, also supports mission operations at Goddard. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, conducts Hubble science operations for NASA.
Facebook logo @NASAHubble @NASAHubble Instagram logo @NASAHubble Related Images, Videos, & Resources Fomalhaut cs2This composite Hubble Space Telescope image shows the debris ring and dust clouds cs1 and cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. Fomalhaut itself is masked out to allow the fainter features to be seen. Its location is marked by the white star.
Fomalhaut cs2 IllustrationThis artist’s concept shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut.
Fomalhaut cs2 VideoHubble captured the violent collision of two massive objects around the star Fomalhaut. This extraordinary event is unlike anything in our own present-day solar system. The video shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. …
Hubble Captures Destruction of Worlds VideoNASA’s Hubble Space Telescope captured a rare and violent event unfolding around the nearby star Fomalhaut. This discovery sheds light on the chaotic processes that may have shaped our own solar system billions of years ago. With support from both Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are now closely monitoring the aftermath.
From 2020:Exoplanet Apparently Disappears in Latest Hubble Observations
What astronomers thought was a planet beyond our solar system has now seemingly vanished from sight.
From 2013:Hubble Reveals Rogue Planetary Orbit for Fomalhaut b
Newly released Hubble Space Telescope images of a vast debris disk encircling the nearby star Fomalhaut, and of a mysterious planet circling it, may provide forensic evidence of a titanic planetary disruption in the system.
From 2008:Hubble Directly Observes Planet Orbiting Fomalhaut
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has taken the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star.
From 2005:Elusive Planet Reshapes a Ring Around Neighboring Star
NASA Hubble Space Telescope’s most detailed visible-light image ever taken of a narrow, dusty ring around the nearby star Fomalhaut (HD 216956), offers the strongest evidence yet that an unruly and unseen planet may be gravitationally tugging on the ring.
Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 EditorAndrea GianopoulosLocationNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Contact MediaClaire Andreoli
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland
claire.andreoli@nasa.gov
Ann Jenkins, Christine Pulliam
Space Telescope Science Institute
Baltimore, Maryland
- Release on ESA website
- Release on ESA/Hubble website
- Science Paper: A second planetesimal collision in the Fomalhaut system, PDF (4.09 MB)
Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.
Hubble Science Highlights
Hubble Images
Hubble News
NASA’s Hubble Sees Asteroids Colliding at Nearby Star for First Time
- Hubble Home
- Overview
- Impact & Benefits
- Science
- Observatory
- Team
- Multimedia
- News
- More
Like a game of cosmic bumper cars, scientists think the early days of our solar system were a time of violent turmoil, with planetesimals, asteroids, and comets smashing together and pelting the Earth, Moon, and the other inner planets with debris. Now, in a historical milestone, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has directly imaged similar catastrophic collisions in a nearby planetary system around another star, Fomalhaut.
“This is certainly the first time I’ve ever seen a point of light appear out of nowhere in an exoplanetary system,” said principal investigator Paul Kalas of the University of California, Berkeley. “It’s absent in all of our previous Hubble images, which means that we just witnessed a violent collision between two massive objects and a huge debris cloud unlike anything in our own solar system today. Amazing!”
Just 25 light-years from Earth, Fomalhaut is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Located in the constellation Piscis Austrinus, also known as the Southern Fish, it is more massive and brighter than the Sun and is encircled by several belts of dusty debris.
This composite Hubble Space Telescope image shows the debris ring and dust clouds cs1 and cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. Fomalhaut itself is masked out to allow the fainter features to be seen. Its location is marked by the white star.Image: NASA, ESA, Paul Kalas (UC Berkeley); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)In 2008, scientists used Hubble to discover a candidate planet around Fomalhaut, making it the first stellar system with a possible planet found using visible light. That object, called Fomalhaut b, now appears to be a dust cloud masquerading as a planet—the result of colliding planetesimals. While searching for Fomalhaut b in recent Hubble observations, scientists were surprised to find a second point of light at a similar location around the star. They call this object “circumstellar source 2” or “cs2” while the first object is now known as “cs1.”
Tackling Mysteries of Colliding PlanetesimalsWhy astronomers are seeing both of these debris clouds so physically close to each other is a mystery. If the collisions between asteroids and planetesimals were random, cs1 and cs2 should appear by chance at unrelated locations. Yet, they are positioned intriguingly near each other along the inner portion of Fomalhaut’s outer debris disk.
Another mystery is why scientists have witnessed these two events within such a short timeframe. “Previous theory suggested that there should be one collision every 100,000 years, or longer. Here, in 20 years, we’ve seen two,” explained Kalas. “If you had a movie of the last 3,000 years, and it was sped up so that every year was a fraction of a second, imagine how many flashes you’d see over that time. Fomalhaut’s planetary system would be sparkling with these collisions.”
Collisions are fundamental to the evolution of planetary systems, but they are rare and difficult to study.
This artist’s concept shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. In Panel 1, the star Fomalhaut appears in the top left corner. Two white dots, located in the bottom right corner, represent the two massive objects in orbit around Fomalhaut. In Panel 2, the objects approach each other. Panel 3 shows the violent collision of these two objects. In Panel 4, the resulting dust cloud cs2 becomes visible and starlight pushes the dust grains away from the star.Artwork: NASA, ESA, STScI, Ralf Crawford (STScI)“The exciting aspect of this observation is that it allows researchers to estimate both the size of the colliding bodies and how many of them there are in the disk, information which is almost impossible to get by any other means,” said co-author Mark Wyatt at the University of Cambridge in England. “Our estimates put the planetesimals that were destroyed to create cs1 and cs2 at just 37 miles or 60 kilometers across, and we infer that there are 300 million such objects orbiting in the Fomalhaut system.”
“The system is a natural laboratory to probe how planetesimals behave when undergoing collisions, which in turn tells us about what they are made of and how they formed,” explained Wyatt.
Cautionary TaleThe transient nature of Fomalhaut cs1 and cs2 poses challenges for future space missions aiming to directly image exoplanets. Such telescopes may mistake dust clouds like cs1 and cs2 for actual planets.
“Fomalhaut cs2 looks exactly like an extrasolar planet reflecting starlight,” said Kalas. “What we learned from studying cs1 is that a large dust cloud can masquerade as a planet for many years. This is a cautionary note for future missions that aim to detect extrasolar planets in reflected light.”
Looking to FutureKalas and his team have been granted Hubble time to monitor cs2 over the next three years. They want to see how it evolves—does it fade, or does it get brighter? Being closer to the dust belt than cs1, the expanding cs2 cloud is more likely to start encountering other material in the belt. This could lead to a sudden avalanche of more dust in the system, which could cause the whole surrounding area to get brighter.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center; Lead Producer: Paul Morris“We will be tracing cs2 for any changes in its shape, brightness, and orbit over time,” said Kalas, “It’s possible that cs2 will start becoming more oval or cometary in shape as the dust grains are pushed outward by the pressure of starlight.”
The team also will use the NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to observe cs2. Webb’s NIRCam has the ability to provide color information that can reveal the size of the cloud’s dust grains and their composition. It can even determine if the cloud contains water ice.
Hubble and Webb are the only observatories capable of this kind of imaging. While Hubble primarily sees in visible wavelengths, Webb could view cs2 in the infrared. These different, complementary wavelengths are needed to provide a broad multi-spectral investigation and a more complete picture of the mysterious Fomalhaut system and its rapid evolution.
This research appears in the December 18 issue of Science.
The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for over three decades and continues to make ground-breaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of the universe. Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope and mission operations. Lockheed Martin Space, based in Denver, also supports mission operations at Goddard. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, conducts Hubble science operations for NASA.
Facebook logo @NASAHubble @NASAHubble Instagram logo @NASAHubble Related Images, Videos, & Resources Fomalhaut cs2This composite Hubble Space Telescope image shows the debris ring and dust clouds cs1 and cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. Fomalhaut itself is masked out to allow the fainter features to be seen. Its location is marked by the white star.
Fomalhaut cs2 IllustrationThis artist’s concept shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut.
Fomalhaut cs2 VideoHubble captured the violent collision of two massive objects around the star Fomalhaut. This extraordinary event is unlike anything in our own present-day solar system. The video shows the sequence of events leading up to the creation of dust cloud cs2 around the star Fomalhaut. …
Hubble Captures Destruction of Worlds VideoNASA’s Hubble Space Telescope captured a rare and violent event unfolding around the nearby star Fomalhaut. This discovery sheds light on the chaotic processes that may have shaped our own solar system billions of years ago. With support from both Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are now closely monitoring the aftermath.
From 2020:Exoplanet Apparently Disappears in Latest Hubble Observations
What astronomers thought was a planet beyond our solar system has now seemingly vanished from sight.
From 2013:Hubble Reveals Rogue Planetary Orbit for Fomalhaut b
Newly released Hubble Space Telescope images of a vast debris disk encircling the nearby star Fomalhaut, and of a mysterious planet circling it, may provide forensic evidence of a titanic planetary disruption in the system.
From 2008:Hubble Directly Observes Planet Orbiting Fomalhaut
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has taken the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star.
From 2005:Elusive Planet Reshapes a Ring Around Neighboring Star
NASA Hubble Space Telescope’s most detailed visible-light image ever taken of a narrow, dusty ring around the nearby star Fomalhaut (HD 216956), offers the strongest evidence yet that an unruly and unseen planet may be gravitationally tugging on the ring.
Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 EditorAndrea GianopoulosLocationNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Contact MediaClaire Andreoli
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland
claire.andreoli@nasa.gov
Ann Jenkins, Christine Pulliam
Space Telescope Science Institute
Baltimore, Maryland
- Release on ESA website
- Release on ESA/Hubble website
- Science Paper: A second planetesimal collision in the Fomalhaut system, PDF (4.09 MB)
Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe.
Hubble Science Highlights
Hubble Images
Hubble News
NASA, Boeing Test How to Improve Performance of Longer, Narrower Aircraft Wings
5 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater) The Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation wind-tunnel model installed in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.NASA / Mark Knopp
The airliner you board in the future could look a lot different from today’s, with longer, thinner wings that provide a smoother ride while saving fuel.
Those wings would be a revolutionary design for commercial aircraft, but like any breakthrough technology, they come with their own development challenges – which experts from NASA and Boeing are now working to solve.
When creating lift, longer, thinner wings can reduce drag, making them efficient. However, they can become very flexible in flight.
Through their Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation collaboration, NASA and Boeing recently completed wind tunnel tests of a “higher aspect ratio wing model” looking for ways to get the efficiency gains without the potential issues these kinds of wings can experience.
“When you have a very flexible wing, you’re getting into greater motions,” said Jennifer Pinkerton, a NASA aerospace engineer at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. “Things like gust loads and maneuver loads can cause even more of an excitation than with a smaller aspect ratio wing. Higher aspect ratio wings also tend to be more fuel efficient, so we’re trying to take advantage of that while simultaneously controlling the aeroelastic response.”
Take a minute to watch this video about the testing NASA and Boeing are doing on longer, narrower aircraft wings.
Without the right engineering, long, thin wings could potentially bend or experience a condition known as wing flutter, causing aircraft to vibrate and shake in gusting winds.
“Flutter is a very violent interaction,” Pinkerton said. “When the flow over a wing interacts with the aircraft structure and the natural frequencies of the wing are excited, wing oscillations are amplified and can grow exponentially, leading to potentially catastrophic failure. Part of the testing we do is to characterize aeroelastic instabilities like flutter for aircraft concepts so that in actual flight, those instabilities can be safely avoided.”
To help demonstrate and understand this, researchers from NASA and Boeing sought to soften the impacts of wind gusts on the aircraft, lessen the wing loads from aircraft turns and movements, and suppress wing flutter.
Reducing or controlling those factors can have a significant impact on an aircraft’s performance, fuel efficiency, and passenger comfort.
Testing for this in a controlled environment is impossible with a full-sized commercial airliner, as no wind tunnel could accommodate one.
However, NASA Langley’s Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, which has been contributing to the design of U.S. commercial transports, military aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft for over 60 years, features a test section 16 feet high by 16 feet wide, big enough for large-scale models.
To shrink a full-size plane down to scale, NASA and Boeing worked with NextGen Aeronautics, which designed and fabricated a complex model resembling an aircraft divided down the middle, with one 13-foot wing.
Mounted to the wall of the wind tunnel, the model was outfitted with 10 control surfaces – moveable panels – along the wing’s rear edge. Researchers adjusted those control surfaces to control airflow and reduce the forces that were causing the wing to vibrate.
Instruments and sensors mounted inside the model measured the forces acting on the model, as well as the vehicle’s responses.
Another view of the Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation wind-tunnel model installed in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.NASA / Mark Knopp
The model wing represented a leap in sophistication from a smaller one developed during a previous NASA-Boeing collaboration called the Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research (SUGAR).
“The SUGAR model had two active control surfaces,” said Patrick S. Heaney, principal investigator at NASA for the Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation collaboration. “And now on this particular model we have ten. We’re increasing the complexity as well as expanding what our control objectives are.”
A first set of tests, conducted in 2024, gave experts baseline readings that they compared to NASA computational simulations, allowing them to refine their models. A second set of tests in 2025 used the additional control surfaces in new configurations.
The most visible benefits of these new capabilities appeared during testing to alleviate the forces from gusting winds, when researchers saw the wing’s shaking greatly reduced.
With testing completed, NASA and Boeing experts are analyzing data and preparing to share their results with the aviation community. Airlines and original equipment manufacturers can learn and benefit from the lessons learned, deciding which to apply to the next generation of aircraft.
“Initial data analyses have shown that controllers developed by NASA and Boeing and used during the test demonstrated large performance improvements,” Heaney said. “We’re excited to continue analyzing the data and sharing results in the months to come.”
NASA’s Advanced Air Transport Technology project works to advance aircraft design and technology under the agency’s Advanced Air Vehicles program, which studies, evaluates, and develops technologies and capabilities for new aircraft systems. The project and program fall within NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate.
Facebook logo @NASA@NASAaero@NASA_es @NASA@NASAaero@NASA_es Instagram logo @NASA@NASAaero@NASA_es Linkedin logo @NASA Explore More 9 min read 2025 in Review: Highlights from NASA in Silicon Valley Article 17 hours ago 10 min read NASA Langley Research Center: 2025 Year in Review Article 2 days ago 3 min read NASA Works with Boeing, Other Collaborators Toward More Efficient Global Flights Article 1 week ago Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASAMissions
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Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 EditorJim BankeContactRobert Margettarobert.j.margetta@nasa.gov Related TermsNASA, Boeing Test How to Improve Performance of Longer, Narrower Aircraft Wings
5 min read
Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater) The Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation wind-tunnel model installed in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.NASA / Mark KnoppThe airliner you board in the future could look a lot different from today’s, with longer, thinner wings that provide a smoother ride while saving fuel.
Those wings would be a revolutionary design for commercial aircraft, but like any breakthrough technology, they come with their own development challenges – which experts from NASA and Boeing are now working to solve.
When creating lift, longer, thinner wings can reduce drag, making them efficient. However, they can become very flexible in flight.
Through their Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation collaboration, NASA and Boeing recently completed wind tunnel tests of a “higher aspect ratio wing model” looking for ways to get the efficiency gains without the potential issues these kinds of wings can experience.
“When you have a very flexible wing, you’re getting into greater motions,” said Jennifer Pinkerton, a NASA aerospace engineer at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. “Things like gust loads and maneuver loads can cause even more of an excitation than with a smaller aspect ratio wing. Higher aspect ratio wings also tend to be more fuel efficient, so we’re trying to take advantage of that while simultaneously controlling the aeroelastic response.”
Take a minute to watch this video about the testing NASA and Boeing are doing on longer, narrower aircraft wings.
Without the right engineering, long, thin wings could potentially bend or experience a condition known as wing flutter, causing aircraft to vibrate and shake in gusting winds.
“Flutter is a very violent interaction,” Pinkerton said. “When the flow over a wing interacts with the aircraft structure and the natural frequencies of the wing are excited, wing oscillations are amplified and can grow exponentially, leading to potentially catastrophic failure. Part of the testing we do is to characterize aeroelastic instabilities like flutter for aircraft concepts so that in actual flight, those instabilities can be safely avoided.”
To help demonstrate and understand this, researchers from NASA and Boeing sought to soften the impacts of wind gusts on the aircraft, lessen the wing loads from aircraft turns and movements, and suppress wing flutter.
Reducing or controlling those factors can have a significant impact on an aircraft’s performance, fuel efficiency, and passenger comfort.
Testing for this in a controlled environment is impossible with a full-sized commercial airliner, as no wind tunnel could accommodate one.
However, NASA Langley’s Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, which has been contributing to the design of U.S. commercial transports, military aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft for over 60 years, features a test section 16 feet high by 16 feet wide, big enough for large-scale models.
To shrink a full-size plane down to scale, NASA and Boeing worked with NextGen Aeronautics, which designed and fabricated a complex model resembling an aircraft divided down the middle, with one 13-foot wing.
Mounted to the wall of the wind tunnel, the model was outfitted with 10 control surfaces – moveable panels – along the wing’s rear edge. Researchers adjusted those control surfaces to control airflow and reduce the forces that were causing the wing to vibrate.
Instruments and sensors mounted inside the model measured the forces acting on the model, as well as the vehicle’s responses.
Another view of the Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation wind-tunnel model installed in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.NASA / Mark KnoppThe model wing represented a leap in sophistication from a smaller one developed during a previous NASA-Boeing collaboration called the Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research (SUGAR).
“The SUGAR model had two active control surfaces,” said Patrick S. Heaney, principal investigator at NASA for the Integrated Adaptive Wing Technology Maturation collaboration. “And now on this particular model we have ten. We’re increasing the complexity as well as expanding what our control objectives are.”
A first set of tests, conducted in 2024, gave experts baseline readings that they compared to NASA computational simulations, allowing them to refine their models. A second set of tests in 2025 used the additional control surfaces in new configurations.
The most visible benefits of these new capabilities appeared during testing to alleviate the forces from gusting winds, when researchers saw the wing’s shaking greatly reduced.
With testing completed, NASA and Boeing experts are analyzing data and preparing to share their results with the aviation community. Airlines and original equipment manufacturers can learn and benefit from the lessons learned, deciding which to apply to the next generation of aircraft.
“Initial data analyses have shown that controllers developed by NASA and Boeing and used during the test demonstrated large performance improvements,” Heaney said. “We’re excited to continue analyzing the data and sharing results in the months to come.”
NASA’s Advanced Air Transport Technology project works to advance aircraft design and technology under the agency’s Advanced Air Vehicles program, which studies, evaluates, and develops technologies and capabilities for new aircraft systems. The project and program fall within NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate.
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Share Details Last Updated Dec 18, 2025 EditorJim BankeContactRobert Margettarobert.j.margetta@nasa.gov Related Terms